Earth provides fresh clues in hunt for life on other planets
Observations of our planet may have brought us a step closer in our search for living organisms elsewhere in the universe
Observations of our planet have provided fresh clues in the hunt for life elsewhere in the universe. Image Credit: NASA
Observations of nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere by a NASA spacecraft over 27 million kilometres (17 million miles) away are giving astronomers fresh clues to how that gas might reveal itself on faraway planets, thus aiding in the search for life.
Finding and measuring nitrogen in the atmosphere of an exoplanet — worlds outside our Solar System — can be crucial to determining if that world might be habitable. That’s because nitrogen can provide an indication of surface pressure. If the gas is found to be abundant in a planet’s atmosphere, that world almost certainly has the right pressure to keep liquid water stable on its surface – one of the prerequisites for life.
Should life truly exist on an exoplanet, detecting nitrogen as well as oxygen could help astronomers verify the oxygen’s biological origin by ruling out certain ways it can be produced abiotically, or through means other than life.
The trouble is, nitrogen is hard to spot from afar. It’s often called an ‘invisible gas’ because it has few light-altering features in visible or infrared light that would make it easy to detect. The best way to detect nitrogen in a distant atmosphere is to measure nitrogen molecules colliding with each other. The resulting, instantaneously brief ‘collisional pairs’ create a unique and discernable signature that can be picked up by spectroscopic techniques.
According to the University of Washington’s Edward Schwieterman, together with Victoria Meadows, who is also at Washington, a future large telescope could detect this unusual signature in the atmospheres of terrestrial, or rocky planets, given the right instrumentation.
The detection of nitrogen on a planet outside our Solar System could suggest liquid water on its surface. Image Credit: NASA
The researchers used three-dimensional planet-modelling data from the University of Washington-based Virtual Planetary Laboratory to simulate how the signature of nitrogen molecule collisions might appear in the Earth’s atmosphere, and compared this simulated data to real observations of the Earth by NASA’s unmanned Deep Impact Flyby spacecraft, which was launched back in 2005.
Deep Impact undertook a revised mission, called EPOXI, which included observation and characterisation of the Earth as if it were an exoplanet. By comparing the real data from the EPOXI mission and the simulated data from Virtual Planetary Laboratory models, the authors were able to confirm the signatures of nitrogen collisions in our own atmosphere, and that they would be visible to a distant observer.
“One of the main messages of the Virtual Planetary Laboratory is that you always need validation of an idea — a proof of concept — before you can extrapolate your knowledge to studying a potentially Earth-like exoplanet,” explains Schwieterman. “That’s why studying the Earth as an exoplanet is so important — we were able to validate that nitrogen produces an impact on the spectrum of our own planet as seen by a distant spacecraft. This tells us it’s something worth looking for elsewhere.”
This confirmation in hand, the researchers used a suite of Virtual Planetary Laboratory models that simulated the appearance of planets beyond the Solar System bearing varying amounts of nitrogen in their atmospheres.
The detection of nitrogen will help astronomers characterise the atmospheres of potentially habitable planets and determine the likelihood of oxygen production by non-living processes. “One of the interesting results from our study is that, basically, if there’s enough nitrogen to detect at all, you’ve confirmed that the surface pressure is sufficient for liquid water, for a very wide range of surface temperatures,” concludes Schwieterman.
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