Source of mysterious ‘fast radio burst’ revealed for the first time

“Now we can do real astrophysical analysis on the burst source and the galaxy that harbours it,” says James Cordes of Cornell University

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FRB121102's exact position within it's host galaxy has been located by radio telescopes over the world. Image Credit: Danielle Futselaar 

FRB121102’s exact position within it’s host galaxy has been located by radio telescopes over the world. Image Credit: Danielle Futselaar

Cornell University researchers and a global team of astronomers have uncovered the cosmological source of a sporadically repeating milliseconds-long “fast radio burst.”

Once thinking these bursts had emanated from within the Milky Way galaxy, or from cosmic neighbours, the astronomers now confirm that they are long-distance flashes from across the universe – more than 3 billion light-years away.

“These radio flashes must have enormous amounts of energy to be visible from over 3 billion light-years away,” says Shami Chatterjee, Cornell senior research associate in astronomy.

Astronomers appreciate this breakthrough news, James Cordes, another Cornell researcher, says: “Now we can do real astrophysical analysis on the burst source and the galaxy that harbours it.”

Fast radio bursts, or FRBs, were first seen about 10 years ago. In November 2012, Cornell astronomers using the Arecibo Observatory captured its first FRB – which lasted three one-thousandths of a second. Laura Spitler, discovered it as a postdoctoral researcher sifting through radio telescope data. It was called FRB 121102. Until then, only the Parkes Radio Telescope in New South Wales, Australia, had discovered a handful of previously known FRBs.

Rising just ahead of the winter constellation Orion, FRB 121102 – the one discovered at Arecibo – has a home in the pentagon-shaped constellation Auriga. “There’s a patch of the sky from which we’re getting this signal – and the patch of the sky is arc minutes in diameter. In that patch are hundreds of sources. Lots of stars, lots of galaxies, lots of stuff,” says Chatterjee.

The dishes of the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array are seen making the first-ever precision localization of a Fast Radio Burst. Image Credit: Danielle Futselaar 

The dishes of the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array are seen making the first-ever precision localisation of a Fast Radio Burst. Image Credit: Danielle Futselaar

To locate the source of this sporadic flash, astronomers blended detective work with modern telescope technology, while combing through terabytes of data.

The Arecibo radio telescope has a resolution of three arc minutes or about one-tenth of the Moon’s diameter, but that is not precise enough to identify uniquely the source. Needing higher resolution to find it, the astronomers sought the help of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, near Socorro, New Mexico, which provided more than 80 hours of observation time. The radio telescope array – a collection of dishes aimed at the cosmos – allows for better than one arc-second resolution.

After 50 fruitless hours of staring, the scientists hit the jackpot. “We caught the fast radio burst in the act,” says Chatterjee.

The astronomers used a full range of telescopes to observe that sliver of sky, including NASA’s Chandra X-ray satellite, Chile’s Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and the Gemini optical telescope in Mauna Kea, Hawaii. “With the Gemini telescope, this optical blob looks like a faint, faint, faint galaxy – and this faint, fuzzy blob corresponds with, smack onto, the radio source,” Chatterjee says.

Other telescopes around the world helped to plot the light spectrum. “It’s got a detectable signal of very particular colours of hydrogen, oxygen and other elements – but Doppler-shifted,” says Chatterjee, explaining that the shifting wavelengths denote cosmic expansion and provide clues for the source distance.

The next big question is the nature of the source: What powers these bursts and are there other ones that repeat? “We think it may be a magnetar – a newborn neutron star with a huge magnetic field, inside a supernova remnant or a pulsar wind nebula – somehow producing these prodigious pulses,” says Chatterjee. “Or, it may be an active galactic nucleus of a dwarf galaxy. That would be novel. Or, it may be a combination of those two ideas – explaining why what we’re seeing may be somewhat rare.”

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